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Table 2 Perioperative VAS score and opioid requirements

From: Opioid-free anesthesia for patients with joint hypermobility syndrome undergoing craneo-cervical fixation: a case-series study focused on anti-hyperalgesic approach

Variable

Total (n = 42)

Opioid-free (n = 23)

Opioid (n = 19)

P value

(*) VAS score, (median, Q1–Q3)

    

 Preoperative

8 (7–8)

8 (7–8)

7 (7–8)

0.764

 Day 1

6.50 (5–8)

5 (5–6)

8 (8–8)

 < 0.001

 Day 2

6 (5–8)

5 (5–6)

8 (7–8)

 < 0.001

 Day 4

6 (5–7)

5 (5–5)

7 (7–8)

 < 0.001

 Day 6

5 (5–7)

5 (5–5)

7 (6–7)

 < 0.001

 Hospital discharge day

6 (5–6.5)

5 (4–5)

6.5 (6–7)

 < 0.001

Methadone rescue, n (%)

    

 0

19 (45.2)

18 (78.3)

1 (5.3)

 < 0.001

 5 mg/day

5 (11.9)

2 (8.7)

3 (15.8)

 

 10–15 mg/day

9 (21.4)

2 (8.7)

7 (36.8)

 

  > 15 mg/day

9 (21.4)

1 (4.3)

8 (42.8)

 

Sufentanil (S) vs. morphine (M) on 1st, 2nd, 4th and 6th postoperative days

    

Day 1, n (%)

    

 (S) ≤ 30  mcg/day

 or

 (M) ≤ 30 mg/day

10 (23.8)

3 (13)

7 (36.8)

0.027

 (S)30–60  mcg/day

 or

 (M)30–60 mg/day

7 (16.7)

7 (30.4)

0 (0)

 

 (S)60–150  mcg/day

 or

 (M)60–150 mg/day

11 (26.2)

7 (30.4)

4 (21)

 

 (S) > 50  mcg/day

 or

 (M) > 50 mg/day

14 (33.3)

6 (26.1)

8 (42.1)

 

Day 2, n (%)

    

 (S) ≤ 30  mcg/day

 or

 (M) ≤ 30 mg/day

11 (26.2)

3 (13)

8 (42.1)

0.201

 (S)30–60  mcg/day

 or

 (M)30–60 mg/day

9 (21.4)

7 (30.4)

2 (10.5)

 

 (S)60–150  mcg/day

 or

 (M)60–150 mg/day

15 (35.7)

9 (39.1)

6 (31.6)

 

 (S) > 50  mcg/day

 or

 (M) > 50 mg/day

7 (16.7)

4 (17.1)

3 (15.8)

 

Day 4, n (%)

    

 (S) ≤ 30  mcg/day

 or

 (M) ≤ 30 mg/day

11 (26.2)

3 (13)

8 (42.1)

0.109

 (S)30–60  mcg/day

 or

 (M)30–60 mg/day

13 (31)

10 (43.5)

3 (15.8)

 

 (S)60–150  mcg/day

 or

 (M)60–150 mg/day

12 (28.6)

7 (30.4)

5 (26.3)

 

 (S) > 50  mcg/day

 or

 (M) > 50 mg/day

6 (14.3)

3 (13)

3 (15.8)

 

Day 6, n (%)

    

 (S) ≤ 30  mcg/day

 or

 (M) ≤ 30 mg/day

10 (23.8)

3 (13)

7 (36.8)

0.224

 (S)30–60  mcg/day

 or

 (M)30–60 mg/day

22 (52.4)

15 (65.2)

7 (36.8)

 

 (S)60–150  mcg/day

 or

 (M)60–150 mg/day

8 (19)

4 (17.4)

4 (21)

 

 (S) > 50  mcg/day

 or

 (M) > 50 mg/day

2 (4.8)

1 (4.3)

1 (5.3)

 
  1. VAS Visual Analogue Scale score, S sufentanil, M morphine, Q1 quartile 1, Q3 quartile 3
  2. Data are presented as median (quartile 1, quartile 3), or n (%) depending on the type and distribution. Values < 0.05 are considered to represent a negligible difference