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Table 3 Demographics and secondary variables

From: Opioid-free anesthesia for patients with joint hypermobility syndrome undergoing craneo-cervical fixation: a case-series study focused on anti-hyperalgesic approach

Variable

Total (n = 42)

OFA-plus

(n = 23)

OP

(n = 19)

P value

Age (y), (means ± SD)

34.83 ± 11.06

34.04 ± 11.39

35.79 ± 10.77

0.820

Sex, n (%)

    

 Male

3 (7.1)

0 (0)

3 (15.8)

0.084

 Female

39 (92.9)

23 (100)

16 (84.2)

 

Preoperative opioid prescription, n (%)

    

 No or eventually

7 (16.7)

3 (13)

4 (21.1)

0.819

 Weak opioids

11 (26.2)

6 (26.1)

5 (26.3)

 

 Strong opioids

15 (35.7)

8 (34.8)

7 (36.8)

 

 Strong opioid combination

9 (21.4)

6 (26.2)

3 (15.8)

 

 Ileus, n (%)

14 (33.3)

1 (4.3)

13 (68.4)

 < 0.001

 PONV, n (%)

23 (54.8)

6 (26.1)

17 (89.5)

 < 0.001

 Constipation, n (%)

14 (33.3)

6 (26.1)

8 (42.1)

0.335

Anxiolytic requirements, n (%)

    

 No

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.002

 Possible

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

 Moderate

8 (19)

8 (34.8)

0 (0)

 

 Frequent

18 (42.9)

11 (47.8)

7 (36.8)

 

 Very frequent

16 (38.1)

4 (17.4)

12 (63.2)

 

Opioid requirements at dischargea, n (%)

    

 No

8 (19)

6 (26.1)

2 (10.5)

 < 0.001

 Decrease

14 (33.3)

14 (60.9)

0 (0)

 

 Equal

8 (19)

3 (13)

5 (26.3)

 

 Increase

12 (28.6)

0 (0)

12 (63.2)

 
  1. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation, or n (%) depending on the type and distribution. P values < 0.05 are considered significant
  2. PONV postoperative nausea and vomiting, SD standard deviation
  3. aCompared to preoperative values